The available columns for any given table are fetched from a system table called "sys_tablecolumns". A specific table name is provided in the WHERE criteria to restrict the table from which the column information is fetched:

import cdata.dynamics365 as mod
conn = mod.connect("InitiateOAuth=GETANDREFRESH;OrganizationUrl=https://myaccount.operations.dynamics.com/;Edition=Sales;")
cur = conn.cursor()
cmd = "SELECT * FROM sys_tablecolumns WHERE TableName = 'GoalHeadings'"
cur.execute(cmd)
rs = cur.fetchall()
for row in rs:
	print(row)