The available columns for any given table are fetched from a system table called "sys_tablecolumns". A specific table name is provided in the WHERE criteria to restrict the table from which the column information is fetched:

import cdata.sapgateway as mod
conn = mod.connect("InitiateOAuth=GETANDREFRESH;User=user;Password=password;URL=https://sapes5.sapdevcenter.com/sap/opu/odata/IWBEP/GWSAMPLE_BASIC/")
cur = conn.cursor()
cmd = "SELECT * FROM sys_tablecolumns WHERE TableName = 'SampleTable_1'"
cur.execute(cmd)
rs = cur.fetchall()
for row in rs:
	print(row)