A SELECT statement can consist of the following basic clauses.

• SELECT
• INTO
• FROM
• JOIN
• WHERE
• GROUP BY
• HAVING
• UNION
• ORDER BY
• LIMIT

SELECT Syntax

The following syntax diagram outlines the syntax supported by the SQL engine of the driver:

SELECT {
  [ TOP <numeric_literal> | DISTINCT ]
  { 
    * 
    | { 
        <expression> [ [ AS ] <column_reference> ] 
        | { <table_name> | <correlation_name> } .* 
      } [ , ... ] 
  }
  [ INTO csv:// [ filename= ] <file_path> [ ;delimiter=tab ] ]
  { 
    FROM <table_reference> [ [ AS ] <identifier> ] 
  } [ , ... ]
  [ [  
      INNER | { { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } [ OUTER ] } 
    ] JOIN <table_reference> [ ON <search_condition> ] [ [ AS ] <identifier> ] 
  ] [ ... ] 
  [ WHERE <search_condition> ]
  [ GROUP BY <column_reference> [ , ... ]
  [ HAVING <search_condition> ]
  [ UNION [ ALL ] <select_statement> ]
  [ 
    ORDER BY 
    <column_reference> [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
  ]
  [ 
    LIMIT <expression>
    [ 
      { OFFSET | , }
      <expression> 
    ]
  ] 
} | SCOPE_IDENTITY() 

<expression> ::=
  | <column_reference>
  | @ <parameter> 
  | ?
  | COUNT( * | { [ DISTINCT ] <expression> } )
  | { AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT } ( <expression> ) 
  | NULLIF ( <expression> , <expression> ) 
  | COALESCE ( <expression> , ... ) 
  | CASE <expression>
      WHEN { <expression> | <search_condition> } THEN { <expression> | NULL } [ ... ]
    [ ELSE { <expression> | NULL } ]
    END 
  | <literal>
  | <sql_function> 

<search_condition> ::= 
  {
    <expression> { = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != | LIKE | NOT LIKE | IN | NOT IN | IS NULL | IS NOT NULL | AND | OR | CONTAINS | BETWEEN } [ <expression> ]
  } [ { AND | OR } ... ] 

Examples

1. Return all columns:
   

   SELECT * FROM DirectoryRoles

2. Rename a column:
   

   SELECT [displayName] AS MY_displayName FROM DirectoryRoles

3. Cast a column's data as a different data type:
   

   SELECT CAST(passwordValidityPeriodInDays AS VARCHAR) AS Str_passwordValidityPeriodInDays FROM DirectoryRoles

4. Search data:
   

   SELECT * FROM DirectoryRoles WHERE Id = 'Jq74mCczmFXk1tC10GBs'

5. Return the number of items matching the query criteria:
   

   SELECT COUNT(*) AS MyCount FROM DirectoryRoles 

6. Return the number of unique items matching the query criteria:
   

   SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT displayName) FROM DirectoryRoles 

7. Return the unique items matching the query criteria:
   

   SELECT DISTINCT displayName FROM DirectoryRoles 

8. Summarize data:
   

   SELECT displayName, MAX(passwordValidityPeriodInDays) FROM DirectoryRoles GROUP BY displayName

   See Aggregate Functions for details.
9. Retrieve data from multiple tables.
   

   SELECT DirectoryRoles.Id, DirectoryRoles.DisplayName, DirectoryRoleTemplates.DisplayName FROM DirectoryRoles, DirectoryRoleTemplates where DirectoryRoles.roleTemplateId = DirectoryRoleTemplates.Id

   See JOIN Queries for details.
10. Sort a result set in ascending order:
    

    SELECT Id, displayName FROM DirectoryRoles  ORDER BY displayName ASC

11. Restrict a result set to the specified number of rows:
    

    SELECT Id, displayName FROM DirectoryRoles LIMIT 10 

12. Parameterize a query to pass in inputs at execution time. This enables you to create prepared statements and mitigate SQL injection attacks.
    

    SELECT * FROM DirectoryRoles WHERE Id = @param

See Explicitly Caching Data for information on using the SELECT statement in offline mode.

Pseudo Columns

Some input-only fields are available in SELECT statements. These fields, called pseudo columns, do not appear as regular columns in the results, yet may be specified as part of the WHERE clause. You can use pseudo columns to access additional features from Azure Active Directory.

    SELECT * FROM DirectoryRoles WHERE Pseudo = '@Pseudo'