SELECT Statements
A SELECT statement can consist of the following basic clauses.
- SELECT
- INTO
- FROM
- JOIN
- WHERE
- GROUP BY
- HAVING
- UNION
- ORDER BY
- LIMIT
SELECT Syntax
The following syntax diagram outlines the syntax supported by the SQL engine of the driver:
SELECT {
[ TOP <numeric_literal> | DISTINCT ]
{
*
| {
<expression> [ [ AS ] <column_reference> ]
| { <table_name> | <correlation_name> } .*
} [ , ... ]
}
[ INTO csv:// [ filename= ] <file_path> [ ;delimiter=tab ] ]
{
FROM <table_reference> [ [ AS ] <identifier> ]
} [ , ... ]
[ [
INNER | { { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } [ OUTER ] }
] JOIN <table_reference> [ ON <search_condition> ] [ [ AS ] <identifier> ]
] [ ... ]
[ WHERE <search_condition> ]
[ GROUP BY <column_reference> [ , ... ]
[ HAVING <search_condition> ]
[ UNION [ ALL ] <select_statement> ]
[
ORDER BY
<column_reference> [ ASC | DESC ] [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
]
[
LIMIT <expression>
[
{ OFFSET | , }
<expression>
]
]
}
<expression> ::=
| <column_reference>
| @ <parameter>
| ?
| COUNT( * | { [ DISTINCT ] <expression> } )
| { AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT } ( <expression> )
| NULLIF ( <expression> , <expression> )
| COALESCE ( <expression> , ... )
| CASE <expression>
WHEN { <expression> | <search_condition> } THEN { <expression> | NULL } [ ... ]
[ ELSE { <expression> | NULL } ]
END
| <literal>
| <sql_function>
<search_condition> ::=
{
<expression> { = | > | < | >= | <= | <> | != | LIKE | NOT LIKE | IN | NOT IN | IS NULL | IS NOT NULL | AND | OR | CONTAINS | BETWEEN } [ <expression> ]
} [ { AND | OR } ... ]
Examples
- Return all columns:
SELECT * FROM AdAudiences
- Rename a column:
SELECT [Name] AS MY_Name FROM AdAudiences
- Cast a column's data as a different data type:
SELECT CAST(AnnualRevenue AS VARCHAR) AS Str_AnnualRevenue FROM AdAudiences
- Search data:
SELECT * FROM AdAudiences WHERE Id = '123456789'
- Return the number of items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS MyCount FROM AdAudiences
- Return the number of unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Name) FROM AdAudiences
- Return the unique items matching the query criteria:
SELECT DISTINCT Name FROM AdAudiences
- Summarize data:
SELECT Name, MAX(AnnualRevenue) FROM AdAudiences GROUP BY Name
See Aggregate Functions for details. - Retrieve data from multiple tables.
SELECT a.Name, c.Name AS CampaignName, c.DailyBudget FROM AdAccounts a INNER JOIN AdCampaigns c ON a.Id = c.AccountId
See JOIN Queries for details. - Sort a result set in ascending order:
SELECT Id, Name FROM AdAudiences ORDER BY Name ASC
- Restrict a result set to the specified number of rows:
SELECT Id, Name FROM AdAudiences LIMIT 10
- Parameterize a query to pass in inputs at execution time. This enables you to create prepared statements and mitigate SQL injection attacks.
SELECT * FROM AdAudiences WHERE Id = @param
Pseudo Columns
Some input-only fields are available in SELECT statements. These fields, called pseudo columns, do not
appear as regular columns in the results, yet may be specified as part of the WHERE clause. You can use pseudo columns to access additional features from Twitter Ads.
SELECT * FROM AdAudiences WHERE Pseudo = '@Pseudo'